лого 128 V4.0 FOR THE цOMMODORE 128 ----------------------------------- (ц)опыригхт 1988 BY йAMES с. дERRY и HAVE RELEASED THIS PROGRAM AND VERSIONS UNDER IT INTO THE пUBLIC дOMAIN. иT IS ILLEGAL TO SELL THIS PROGRAM FOR COMMERCIAL PROFIT, THOUGH ON-LINE SERVICES AND USER GROUPS MAY CHARGE MINIMAL COPYING FEES. иF YOU INTEND TO SELL THIS PROGRAM THROUGH ANY MEDIUM OTHER THAN ABOVE, PLEASE CONTACT ME: йIM дERRY, 4546 мEADOWLAWN, пORT хURON, мICHIGAN 48060 и ASK THAT YOU DO NOT ALTER THESE DOCUMENTATIONS AND DISTRIBUTE THEM IN THEIR ALTERED FORMAT. иF YOU EDIT THESE, PLEASE KEEP AN ORIGINAL FOR DISTRIBUTION PURPOSES. аS FAR AS и AM ABLE TO TELL, THERE ARE NO BUGS IN THIS PROGRAM. иF YOU ENCOUNTER ANY, PLEASE MAKE ME AWARE OF THEM. тHERE ис A PROBLEM THAT MAY OCCUR... YOU MIGHT GET AN оут оф меморы еррор IF THE пAGE оNE сYSTEM сTACK OVERFLOWS. тO ME THIS HAS NEVER HAPPENED, BUT IF IT SHOULD OCCUR, JUST TAP стоп/ресторе AND TYPE рун AGAIN. иF YOU SAVE YOUR WORK PERIODICALLY, THIS SHOULD HAVE NO DETRIMENTAL EFFECTS ON YOU. и HAVE PUT A LOT OF TIME INTO THIS PROGRAM, SO COMMENTS ARE APPRECIATED! пLEASE SEND е-мAIL TO "йIM дERRY" ON я-LINK, OR п-мAIL (PAPER MAIL) TO THE ABOVE ADDRESS. лого 128 жерсион 4.0 -ии- йAMES с. дERRY интродуцтион ------------ тHIS LANGUAGE IS CALLED лого. иT IS GRAPHIC ORIENTED AND VERY GEOMETRICAL. иT IS EDUCATIONAL AND YOU CAN HAVE HOURS OF FUN JUST DRAWING PICTURES. тHIS PROGRAM EMULATES SOME OF THE POPULAR лого PROGRAMS, HOWEVER IT IS NOT A FULL FLEDGED VERSION, BUT IT IS ENOUGH FOR ANY BEGINNER TO START WITH. тHOUGH лого IS INTENDED FOR FIRST TIME COMPUTER PROGRAMMERS, IT CAN BE USED AND ENJOYED BY EVERYBODY, EVEN THE EXPERIENCED! иF YOU ARE AN EXPERIENCE PROGRAMMER, YOU WILL FIND THAT лого 128 IS VERY EASY TO ALTER. лого SUPPORTS THE MULTI-COLOR BIT-MAPPED GRAPHICS MODE, SEVEN SPRITES, SIXTEEN COLORS, FIFTY-SIX COMMANDS AND FIVE KEYSTROKES, AN EDITOR, UP TO TEN лого ROUTINES WITH 50 LINES EACH AND MULTIPLE STATEMENTS ON A LINE, ONE VARIABLE (THOUGH THERE ARE NO FUNCTIONS SUCH AS ADD, MULTIPLY, ETC.), AND A LIMITED DISK OPERATING SYSTEM. иT MAY APPEAR THAT THIS IS A WEAK PROGRAM BECAUSE OF ONLY ONE VARIABLE AND NO ARITHMETIC OPERATIONS. фOR MOST BASIC FUNCTIONS, THIS IS OKAY. оNLY WHEN YOU PROGRAM FRACTALS AND OTHER SUCH ADVANCED THINGS ARE VARIABLES A NECESSITY. лого IS WRITTEN IN басиц SO IT IS жеры EASY TO EDIT, IF YOU KNOW HOW. иF YOU HAVE A 128. сINCE ITS IN басиц, JUST длоад"LOGO 128 V4.0" AND рун, OR рун"LOGO 128 V4.0". ыOU MUST BE IN 40 COLUMN MODE. тHE TITLE SCEEN WILL BE DRAWN, USING ACTUAL лого COMMANDS (STORED IN дата STATEMENTS). пRESS ретурн WHENEVER YOU WISH TO BYPASS THE TITLE SCREEN. вHEN READING THE DESCRIPTIONS OF THE лого COMMANDS, KEEP IN MIND SOME OF THE FOLLOWING: туртле: THE TRIANGULAR OR ARROW-HEAD SHAPED OBJECT THAT IS THE DRAWING CURSOR. роутине: A лого PROGRAM WRITTEN WITH THE EDITOR. хоме поситион: THE TURTLE'S HOME POSITION IS AT THE CENTER OF THE SCREEN FACING TOWARDS THE TOP (ZERO DEGREES). тHE TEXT SCREEN'S HOME POSITION IS THE UPPER LEFT HAND CORNER OF THE SCREEN. стрингс: A GROUP OF PRINTABLE CHARACTERS. тHESE SHOULD нежер GET QUOTES AS YOU WOULD IN басиц. иF YOU ATTEMPT TO SAVE A FILE WITH QUOTES IN THE NAME, YOU WILL SCREW UP THE DIRECTORY MOST OF THE TIME. ыOU CAN USE QUOTES IN врите STATEMENTS IF YOU WANT QUOTES ON THE SCREEN. аNY TIME YOU USE THE BACKARROW CHARACTER ABOVE THE цонтрол KEY, IT WILL BE CONVERTED INTO A SPACE. филенамес: THE LABEL YOU GIVE TO REPRESENT A PICTURE OR A PROGRAM. аLL DISK FILENAMES ARE RESTRICTED TO TWELVE CHARACTERS (ANY TIME YOU CATALOG THE DISK, THERE WILL BE A PREFIX BEFORE THE FILENAME TELLING YOU WHAT TYPE OF FILE IT IS. дO нот INCLUDE THE PREFIX IN ANY FILE NAMES. цоммандс: INSTRUCTIONS YOU GIVE THE TURTLE TO CARRY OUT. вHEN USING A лого COMMAND, THE TURTLE IS ALWAYS WHERE IT WAS LEFT FROM THE PREVIOUS COMMAND. иF YOU INSERT SPACES BEFORE A COMMAND, THAT COMMAND WILL нот EXECUTE! вITH SEVERAL HOURS OF STUDY, YOU MAY BE ABLE TO DETERMINE THE PROGRAM STRUCTURE AND WRITE YOUR OWN лого COMMANDS. иF YOU DO MAKE CHANGES, BE SURE TO KEEP AN ORIGINAL COPY OF лого. лого 128 жерсион 4.0 -иии- йAMES с. дERRY лого цоммандс ------------- цOMMANDS ARE IN ALPHABETICAL ORDER. аLL OPTIONAL PARAMETERS ARE ENCLOSED IN BRACES, IN A NESTED OR UN-NESTED FORMAT (FOR EXAMPLE, THE арц COMMAND HAS THE FOLLOWING PARAMETERS: радиус [старт [енд]]. радиус IS REQUIRED, старт IS OPTIONAL, AND енд IS OPTIONAL, BUT IF YOU USE енд, YOU MUST USE старт BECAUSE енд IS NESTED WITHIN THE старт. оN THE OTHER HAND, THE боь COMMAND HAS THE PARAMETERS ь ы [англе] [ф]. аS YOU CAN SEE, ь AND ы ARE REQUIRED, WHILE англе AND ф ARE OPTIONAL, BUT SINCE ф IS NOT NESTED WITHIN англе, YOU DO NOT HAVE TO HAVE англе TO USE ф. нO COMMAS OR OTHER PUNCTUATION SHOULD BE TYPED BETWEEN PARAMETERS. аLL COMMANDS USE THE CURRENT COLOR SOURCE TO DRAW WITH. мULTIPLE COMMANDS ON ONE LINE CAN BE USED BY SEPARATING COMMANDS WITH A SEMICOLON (;). тHE COMMAND IMMEDIATLY FOLLOWING THE SEMICOLON MUST BE FLUSH AGAINST IT, I.E., DON'T TYPE A SPACE AFTER THE SEMICOLON. анимате SPRITENUMBER DIRECTION SPEED - аNIMATE SLIDES THE DESIGNATED SPRITE ACROSS THE SCREEN. сPRITENUMBER SHOULD BE BETWEEN ONE AND SEVEN, DIRECTION BETWEEN ZERO AND 360, AND SPEED BETWEEN ZERO AND FIFTEEN. арц RADIUS [START [END]] - аRC IS USED TO DRAW AN ARC OR A CIRCLE. тHE ARC WILL BE DRAWN TRULY ROUND ON THE SCREEN. рADIUS SHOULD BE ANY REASONABLE DISTANCE. сTART AND END ANGLES SHOULD BE BETWEEN ZERO AND 360. иF THE END ANGLE IS OMITTED THEN THE DEFAULT IS 360. иF NEITHER START NOR END ANGLE IS SUPPLIED, A CIRCLE WILL BE DRAWN. бк DISTANCE - бк IS THE ABBREVIATION FOR бACк. тHIS MOVES THE TURTLE BACKWARD, OR THE OPPOSITE DIRECTION IT IS FACING. дISTANCE IS ANY DISTANCE THAT DOES NOT ATTEMPT TO TAKE YOU OUT OF SCREEN BOUNDARIES. иF YOU ATTEMPT TO DO SO, THE LINE WILL BE DRAWN TO THE EDGE OF THE SCREEN AND AN ERROR MESSAGE WILL RESULT. боь X Y [ANGLE] [ф] - бOX WILL DRAW A BOX USING THE TURTLE AS ONE CORNER AND THE PARAMETERS X AND Y AS THE OPPOSITE CORNER (THESE ARE сцреен COORDINATES, NOT COORDINATES RELATIVE TO THE TURTLE). иF YOU WISH TO ROTATE THE BOX, SUPPLY THE ANGLE PARAMETER WITH THE NUMBER OF DEGREES ROTATION. иF YOU WANT THE BOX SOLID, SUPPLY THE ф PARAMETER WITH AN ф. цалл ROUTINE - цALL CALLS OR RUNS ONE OF THE PROGRAMS IN THE лого EDITOR. рOUTINE SHOULD BE A NUMBER FROM ZERO TO NINE. цаталог - тHIS PRINTS TO THE SCREEN A CATALOG OF THE DISK. нOTE THAT IS ONLY SHOWS PROGRAMS FOR лого. иT IS RECOMMENDED THAT YOU CREATE A SEPARATE лого WORKDISK. тHE PREFIXES AT THE BEGINNING OF THE FILENAME ON THE DIRECTORY INDICATE THE TYPE OF FILE IT IS. игноре тхем. иF YOU KEEP TRACK OF ALL YOUR FILES, YOU SHOULDN'T HAVE TO WORRY ABOUT THE PREFIX, BECAUSE лого AUTOMATICALLY ADDS IT. лого 128 жерсион 4.0 -иж- йAMES с. дERRY цолор SOURCE COLOR - цOLOR IS SIMILAR TO THE басиц COLOR COMMAND. сOURCE IS A NUMBER FROM ZERO TO FIVE. цOLOR IS A NUMBER FROM ONE THROUGH SIXTEEN, COORESPONDING TO THE STANDARD SIXTEEN цOMMODORE COLORS. цOLOR SOURCES ARE AS FOLLOWS: 0 BACKGROUD COLOR. иN SOME CASES YOU MAY HAVE TO ISSUE цс TO MAKE THE COLOR CHANGE EFFECTIVE. 1-3 HIRES COLORS ONE THROUGH THREE. тHEY DO NOT AFFECT DRAWING UNTIL A сет COMMAND IS EXECUTED. 4 BORDER COLOR 5 TURTLE COLOR. тURTLE COLOR DOES NOT REPRESENT PEN COLOR. сINCE лого USES THE цOMMODORE мULTI-цOLOR гRAPHICS бIT мAP мODE, YOU CAN HAVE UP TO FOUR COLOR SOURCES PER 8X8 PIXEL SQUARE. цс - цс MEANS цLEAR сCREEN. иT ERASES ANYTHING ON THE SCREEN AND RETURNS THE TURTLE TO хоме POSITION. цт - цт MEANS цLEAR тEXT. иT ERASES ANY TEXT ON THE TEXT SCREEN AND PUTS THE CURSOR IN HOME POSITION. иF YOU ARE IN SPLIT SCREEN MODE, YOU WILL HAVE TO PRESS ретурн SEVERAL TIMES FOR THE CURSOR TO APPEAR IN THE TEXT WINDOW. дмоде SIDES - иF YOU ARE USING THE 1571 DRIVE, THIS COMMAND PUTS THE DISK DRIVE IN EITHER DOUBLE- OR SINGLE-SIDED MODE. тHE SIDES PARAMETER SHOULD BE EITHER A ONE OR A TWO, REPRESENTING THE NUMBER OF SIDES THE DISK HAS. нOTE: IF YOU ARE A 1571 USER, YOU SHOULD BE CAREFUL BEFORE USING THE формат COMMAND ON YOUR 1541 FLIPPIES. иF YOU ARE IN дмоде 2, BOTH SIDES WILL BE FORMATTED (SEE DRIVE MANUAL). и SUGGEST ISSUING A дмоде COMMAND BEFORE EVERY формат COMMAND WITH THE 1571, SINCE MANY 1571 USERS ARE NOT YET AWARE THE 1571'S DOUBLE-SIDEDNESS. едит ROUTINE - еDIT PUTS YOU IN THE лого EDITOR. сEE THE COMPLETE DESCRIPTION OF THE OPERATION OF THE лого EDITOR AT THE END OF THIS SECTION. ералл - еRALL MEANS ерASE алл. иT ERASES ALL TEN ROUTINES IN MEMORY AT ONE TIME. ерасе ROUTINE - еRASE IS USED TO ERASE ROUTINES FROM MEMORY INDIVIDUALLY. сUPPLY ROUTINE WITH A NUMBER FROM ZERO TO TEN. фаст - тHIS PUTS THE COMPUTER INTO 2 MEGAHERTZ FAST MODE. иT IS USEFULL FOR RUNNING лого PROGRAMS FASTER. иT IS ALSO USEFULL FOR BLANKING THE SCREEN IF YOU DO NOT WISH TO SEE A PICTURE BEING DRAWN, BUT JUST THE FINISHED PRODUCT. фд DISTANCE - фд MEANS фORWARд. тHIS COMMAND MOVES THE TURTLE THE DIRECTION IT IS FACING A CERTAIN NUMBER OF STEPS. дISTANCE IS THE NUMBER OF STEPS YOU WISH THE TURTLE TO MOVE. бECAUSE THE SCREEN IS NOT PERFECTLY SQUARE, GOING FORWARD (OR BACKWARD) TEN STEPS AT 90 DEGREES WILL RESULT IN A LONGER LINE THAN GOING FORWARD TEN STEPS AT ZERO DEGREES (ZERO DEGREES IS THE TOP OF THE SCREEN). иF YOU ATTEMPT TO GO TOO FAR, AN ERROR MESSAGE WILL RESULT AND THE LINE WILL BE DRAWN TO THE SCREEN EDGE. филл - филл PAINTS ANY ENCLOSED AREA. бE SURE THE AREA IS ENCLOSED OTHERWISE THE PAINT WILL "SPILL" ALL OVER THE SCREEN. иF THIS SHOULD HAPPEN, PRESS стоп AND THE FILLING WILL HALT. ыOU WILL BE BACK IN лого COMMAND MODE. лого 128 жерсион 4.0 -ж- йAMES с. дERRY формат - тHIS COMMAND IS USED TO PREPARE A NEW OR USED DISK FOR USE WITH A цOMMODORE DRIVE. иT WILL BE FORMATTED ACCORDING TO THE CURRENT DRIVE MODE (SEE дмоде.). дO NOT SPECIFY A DISK NAME OR ид. фс - тHIS COMMAND MEANS фULL сCREEN. иT GETS RID OF THE TEXT WINDOW SO YOU CAN SEE THE WHOLE GRAPHIC SCREEN. аNYTHING YOU TYPE WILL BE ACCEPTED, BUT THE TEXT WILL NOT BE VISIBLE. хоме - тHIS COMMAND MOVES THE TURTLE TO IT'S HOME POSITION WHILE LEAVING THE REST OF THE SCREEN ALONE. хт - тHIS COMMAD MEANS хIDE тURTLE. иT MAKES THE TURTLE INVISIBLE SO YOU CAN SEE THE PICTURE WITHOUT THE TURTLE IN THE WAY, OF IF YOU DO NOT WISH TO SEE THE TURTLE ON THE TEXT SCREEN. лоад ROUTINE# NAME - лоад LOADS PREVIOUSLY WRITTEN ROUTINES FROM DISK. сINCE лоад ONLY HANDLES ONE ROUTINE AT A TIME, YOU MUST SPECIFY WHICH ONE. рOUTINE# IS THE ROUTINE NUMBER YOU WISH TO LOAD THE PROGRAM INTO. иT CAN BE ANY NUMBER FROM ZERO THROUGH NINE. иT DOES NOT MATTER WHAT ROUTINE IT WAS SAVED FROM, IT CAN BE LOADED INTO ANY ONE. тHE CURRENT CONTENTS OF THAT ROUTINE WILL BE REPLACED, HOWEVER. тHE NAME PARAMETER IS THE NAME OF THE PROGRAM YOU SAVED, SUCH AS хоусе OR дог. лоадпиц NAME - лOADPIC LOADS A SCREEN CALLED NAME SAVED WITH сажепиц. иT REPLACES THE CURRENT SCREEN CONTENTS. лоадсприте SPRITE# NAME - лOADSPRITE LOADS A SINGLE SPRITE INTO MEMORY AS SPRITE NUMBER SPRITE#. тHE NAME IS THE NAME YOU USED WHEN SAVING THE SPRITE WITH сажесприте. ыOU CAN LOAD A SPRITE TO ANY SPRITE POSITION REGUARDLESS OF WHERE IT WAS SAVED. сPRITE# CAN BE ANY NUMBER FROM ONE TO SEVEN, AND NAME CAN BE ANY LEGAL лого NAME. лт DEGREES - тHIS COMMAND ROTATES THE TURTLE THE NUMBER OF DEGREES SPECIFIED IN DEGREES. тHIS PARAMETER CAN BE A NUMBER FOM ZERO TO 360. лого DRAWS IN ALL 360 DIRECTIONS, BUT THE TURTLE SHOWS ONLY EIGHT APPROXIMATE DIRECTIONS. тHIS IS NORMAL. тHE лт COMMAND USES RELATIVE COORDINATES TO SPECIFY DEGREE MOVEMENT (SEE сетхеадинг FOR INFORMATION ON RELATIVE COORDINATES). пд - пд MEANS пEN дOWN. тHIS ALLOWS THE TURTLE TO DRAW. пе - пе MEANS пEN еRASE. аNY DRAWING COMMADS USED WHILE пе IS IN EFFECT WILL RESULT IN THE SHAPE BEING DRAWN IN THE BACKGROUND COLOR (ERASED). иT IS CANCELLED BY пд OR пу. анимате SPRITENUMBER DIRECTION SPEED - аNIMATE SLIDES THE DESIGNATED SPRITE ACROSS THE SCREEN. сPRITENUMBER SHOULD BE BETWEEN ONE AND SEVEN, DIRECTION BETWEEN ZERO AND 360, AND SPEED BETWEEN ZERO AND 15. плаце - пLACE ALLOWS YOU TO MOVE THE SEVEN SPRITES AROUND THE SCREEN WITH THE ARROW KEYS. тO USE, FIRST ACTIVATE A SPRITE WITH спрон (SEE спрон), THEN TYPE плаце AND PRESS ретурн. тHE INSTUCTIONS ARE AS FOLLOWS: 1 THRU 4 ON NUMERIC KEYPAD: SPEED 1 THRU 7 ON ALPHA-NUMERIC KEYPAD: SPRITE NUMBER ARROW KEYS (AT TOP OF KEYBOARD): MOVES SPRITE IN FOUR DIRECTIONS. нOTE: THE црср KEYS WILL нот WORK. аLL VALUES ARE SET TO ZERO THE FIRST TIME YOU USE плаце AFTER RUNNIG лого, SO YOU MUST PRESS A SPEED AND A SPRITE NUMBER. лого 128 жерсион 4.0 -жи- йAMES с. дERRY полыгон X Y #SIDES - тHIS COMMAD DRAWS A POLYGON WITH ANY NUMBER OF SIDES. ь AND ы ARE ь AND ы RADII, AND #SIDES IS THE NUMBER OF SIDES FOR THE SHAPE TO HAVE. иF YOU USE TOO MNAY SIDES, THE POLYGON WILL LOOK LIKE A CIRCLE. тHIS IS USEFUL FOR DRAWING OVALS. принт STRING - тHIS COMMAD IS SIMILAR TO THE басиц PRINT COMMAND. ыOU CAN TYPE ALL CHARACTERS EXEPT THE CONTROL CHARACTERS, ESCAPE SEQUENCES, AND SPECIAL KEYS USED IN THE EDITOR AND DIRECT MODE (SEE LATTER PART OF THIS ARTCILE). дO NOT USE QUOTATION MARKS UNLESS YOU WANT THEM TO BE SHOWN IN THE PRINT STATEMENT. тHE STRING IS THE PRINT-STRING YOU WANT PRINTED. пу - пу MEANS пEN уP. тHIS COMMAND LIFTS THE TURTLE'S DRAWING PEN SO IT CAN MOVE ABOUT THE SCREEN WITHOUT DRAWING LINES OR ERASING THINGS. пу IS CANCELLED BY пд. репеат ROUTINE #TIMES - тHIS COMMAND IS USED TO REPEAT A ROUTINE A SPECIFIED NUMBER OF TIMES. рOUTINE IS THE ROUTINE NUMBER FROM ZERO TO NINE YOU WANT REPEATED, AND #TIMES IS THE NUMBER OF REPETITIONS YOU WANT. фOR EXAMPLE, ROUTINE NUMBER ZERO MAY BE репеат 1 4, AND ROUTINE ONE MAY BE фд 50 ON ONE LINE FOLLOWED BY рт 90 ON THE NEXT. иF YOU ISSUE A цалл 0, A SQUARE WILL BE DRAWN (THOUGH IT WILL PROBABLY LOOK LIKE A RECTANGLE). рт DEGREES - рт MEANS рIGHт. иT ROTATES THE TURTLE TO THE RIGHT THE NUMBER OF DEGREES SPECIFIED IN DEGREES. лIKE лт, THE VALUE'S RELATIVE. саже ROUTINE NAME - сAVE SAVES ONE OF THE ROUTINES YOU HAVE CREATED. рOUTINE IS THE NUMBER OF THE ROUTINE YOU WISH TO SAVE (ZERO THROUGH NINE), AND NAME IS THE NAME YOU WISH TO SAVE IT AS. иT CAN LATER BE RELOADED AS ANY ROUTINE NUMBER YOU WANT. сажепиц NAME - тHIS COMMAD SAVES THE CURRENT SCREEN CALLED NAME TO DISK FOR LATER RECALL. сажесприте SPRITE# NAME - тHIS COMMAND SAVES A SINGLE SPRITE TO DISK FOR LATER USE. сUPPLY SPRITE# WITH THE NUMBER OF THE SPRITE YOU WISH TO SAVE (FROM ONE TO SEVEN), AND SUPPLY NAME WITH THE NAME YOU WISH TO SAVE IT BY. иT CAN LATER BE LOADED AS ANY SPRITE NUMBER. сет SOURCE - тHIS COMMAND CHOOSES THE COLOR SOURCE THAT YOU WISH TO DRAW WITH. лого CAN PLACE UP TO FOUR COLORS (INCLUDING BACKGROUND) INTO A SINGLE 8X8 CELL. сUPPLY SOURCE WITH A NUMBER FROM ONE TO THREE. ыOU ARE NOT LIMITED TO THREE COLORS FOR THE WHOLE DRAWING, BUT JUST THREE AT A TIME. тO CHANGE THE COLORS OF ANY COLOR SOURCE, USE THE цолор COMMAND. сетхеадинг DEGREES - тHIS POINTS THE TURTLE IN AN ABSOLUTE DIRECTION FROM ZERO TO 360. лт AND рт USE RELATIVE POSITIONING, WHICH MEANS THAT IF THE TURTLE HEADING IS 45 DEGREES AND YOU ISSUE A лт 15, YOU WILL NOT BE AT 15 DEGREES LEFT, BUT THE TURTLE WILL ROTATE 15 DEGREES LEFT, FOR A STOPPING POSITITION OF 30 DEGREES. хOWEVER, WITH сетхеадинг, THE PARAMETER DEGREES IS THE ABSOLUTE DIRECTION YOU WANT TO FACE. иF YOU ARE FACING 45 DEGREES AND ISSUE A сетхеадинг 90, YOU WILL THEN BE POINTING AT 90 DEGREES. слееп TIME - тHIS IS IDENTICAL TO THE басиц слееп COMAND. сUPPLY THE TIME PARAMETER WITH THE NUMBER OF SECONDS YOU WISH TO PAUSE PROGRAM EXECUTION. лого 128 жерсион 4.0 -жии- йAMES с. дERRY слов - THIS SLOWS THE COMPUTER BACK DOWN TO 1 MEGAHERTZ MODE. тHIS ENABLES THE SCREEN SO YOU CAN SEE WHAT YOU HAVE DRAWN. спрдеф - тHIS PUTS YOU IN THE 128'S BUILT IN SPRITE EDITOR (FOR SPRITE EDITOR INSTUCTIONS, CHECK THE SYSTEM GUIDE THAT CAME WITH THE COMPUTER). ыOU SHOULD PAY PARTICULAR ATTENTION TO THESE INSTRUCTONS: сPRITE ONE IN THE SPRITE EDITOR IS RESERVED FOR THE TURTLE. дO NOT ATTEMPT TO EDIT SPRITE NUMBER ONE. иNSTEAD, SPRITES TWO THROUGH EIGHT COORESPOND WITH SPRITES NUMBERED ONE THROUGH SEVEN IN THE лого PROGRAM. тHIS CAN VERY WELL BE CONFUSING AT FIRST, BUT AFTER A SHORT TIME, YOU WILL GET USED TO IT. иT WAS NECCESARY TO MAKE THE TURTLE SPRITE NUMBER ONE SO IT WOULD HAVE THE HIGHEST PRIORITY AMONG THE OTHER SPRITES. аFTER EXITING THE SPRITE EDITOR, YOU WILL BE IN TEXT SCREEN MODE. сприте NUMBER COLOR PRIORITY MULTI - тHIS COMMAND IS SIMILAR TO THE басиц сприте COMMAND. нUMBER IS THE SPRITE NUMBER YOU WISH TO DEFINE. цOLOR IS THE COLOR (ONE THROUGH 16) YOU WISH TO MAKE THE SPRITE, PRIORITY IS WHETHER OR NOT YOU WANT THE SPRITE IN THE FOREGROUND OR BACKGROUND (1 OR 2), AND MULTI IS IF YOU WANT THE SPRITE MULTI COLORED OR NOT (1=MULTI 0=SINGLE). тHE SPRITE COMMAND DOES NOT USUALLY TURN ON A SPRITE. фOR THAT YOU SHOULD USE THE спрон COMMAND. спрофф SPRITE - тHIS COMMAND TURNS OFF SPRITE SPRITE. сPRITE SHOULD BE ANY NUMBER FROM ONE TO SEVEN. спрон SPRITE - тHIS TURNS ON A SPRITE DEFINED BY THE сприте COMMAND, сPRITE IS THE SPRITE NUMBER (ONE THROUGH SEVEN). спрь NUMBER X - тHIS MOVES SPRITE NUMBER ALONG THE X (HORIZONTAL) AXIS. ь IS THE POSITION ALONG THE X AXIS (CHECK SYSTEM GUIDE FOR POSSIBLE SPRITE LOCATIONS). спры NUMBER Y - тHIS COMMAND FUNCTIONS LIKE THE спрь COMMAND, EXCEPT THE SPRITE NUMBER WILL BE MOVED ALONG THE Y (VERTICAL) AXIS. сс - сс MEANS сPLIT сCREEN. иT ENABLES THE GRAPHICS SCREEN WITH A TEXT WINDOW AT THE BOTTOM. тHIS IS THE NORMAL SCREEN MODE. ст - ст MEANS сHOW тURTLE. тHIS MAKES THE TURTLE VISIBLE AGAIN AFTER A хт STATEMENT. иF YOU WISH TO SEE THE TURTLE ON THE TEXT SCREEN, TYPE хт. тHIS WILL ALLOW YOU TO SEE THE TURTLE'S ACTIONS (WITHOUT SEEING WHAT'S BEING DRAWN) ON THE SCREEN AND ANY TEXT YOU MAY WANT TO SEE AT THE SAME TIME. тHE TURTLE IS NEVER VISIBLE ON THE TEXT SCREEN OTHERWISE. стамп SPRITE# X Y - тHIS WILL COPY THE SHAPE OF ANY SPRITE IN MEMORY TO A PERMANANT SHAPE ON THE GRAPHIC SCREEN. сPRITE# IS THE SPRITE YOU WISH TO COPY, AND X AND Y ARE THE X AND Y GRAPHIC SCREEN COORDINATES YOU WISH TO COPY TO. нOTICE THERE IS A DIFFERENCE BETWEEN GRAPHIC AND SPRITE COORDINATES (SEE SYSTEM GUIDE). оNLY MULTI COLORED SPRITES WILL TRANFER CORRECTLY. сINGLE COLOR SPRITES WILL APPEAR AS GARBAGE. тоот PLAY$ - тOOT IS EQUIVILENT TO басиц'S плаы COMMAND. пLAY$ IS ANY LEGAL цOMMODORE MUSIC STRING. цHECK THE SYSTEM GUIDE FOR MUSIC INSTRUCTIONS. тс - тHIS ENABLES THE ALL TEXT SCREEN (SEE фс AND сс). ваит - тHIS COMMAND HALTS ROUTINE EXECUTION UNTIL ANY KEY IS PRESSED. лого 128 жерсион 4.0 -жиии- йAMES с. дERRY виндов LINE - тHIS COMMAND IS USED TO CREATE SPLIT SCREEN MODES WITH DIFFERENT SIZED TEXT WINDOWS. лINE CAN BE A NUMBER FROM 0 TO 25. зERO RESULTS IN ALL TEXT, AND 25 RESULTS IN A FULL SCREEN GRAPHIC MODE. врите X Y STRING - тHIS COMMAND IS USED TO PLACE TEXT ON THE HI-RES SCREEN. иT IS ALMOST EQUIVILENT TO THE басиц цхар COMMAND. ь AND Y ARE THE X AND Y COORDINATES WHERE STRING WILL BE PRINTED. тHE STRING CAN BE ANY лого STRING. тEXT WILL BE WRITTEN WITH THE CURRENT COLOR SOURCE. ьпос X - тHIS CHANGES THE TURTLE'S X POSITION. сUPPLY X WITH THE X COORDINATE YOU WISH TO MOVE THE TURTLE TO. тHE TURTLE WILL DRAW OR ERASE IF A пу IS NOT ISSUED. ыпос Y - тHIS CHANGES THE TURTLE'S Y POSITION. сUPPLY Y WITH THE Y COORDINATE YOU WISH TO MOVE THE TURTLE TO. тHE TURTLE WILL DRAW OR ERASE IF A пу IS NOT ISSUED. ???= VALUE - THIS COMMAND IS USED TO DEFINE лого'S SINGLE VARIABLE. жALUE CAN ONLY BE A NUMBER FROM ZERO TO 360. бE SURE TO KEEP VALUE FLUSH AGAINST THE EQUALS SIGN. тHOUGH THE LACK OF MATHEMATICAL OPERANDS MAY MAKE THE COMMAND SEEM WEEK, IT CAN BE MADE STRONG IF UTILIZED CORREECTLY. оNE POSSIBLE USE MIGHT BE FOR SCALING. тO USE THE VARIABLE WITH COMMANDS, SIMPLY SUBSTITUTE THREE QUESTION MARKS (???) WHERE YOU WOULD ORDINARILY SUPPLY A NUMBER. мANY COMMANDS THAT EXPECT A ONE CHARACTER DIGIT WILL NOT WORK CORRECTLY WITH THE VARIABLE (SUCH AS THE ROUTINE NUMBER IN THE саже COMMAND). бE SURE TO KEEP AWARE THAT THE FOLLOWING COMMANDS CANNOT BE FOLLOWED BY OTHER COMMANDS ON THE SAME LINE, ALTHOUGH THEY CAN BE PRECEEDED: едит; формат; лоад; лоадпиц; лоадсприте; принт; саже; сажепиц; сажесприте; спрдеф; AND врите. кеыпрессес ---------- тHESE ARE AVAILABLE IN THE лого DIRECT MODE. ц= MEANS THE COMMODORE LOGO KEY. ц= т - TEXT SCREEN. тHIS PERFOMS A тс COMMAND. ц= с - SPLIT SCREEN. тHIS PERFORMS A сс COMMAND. ц= ф - FULL SCREEN. тHIS PERFORMS A фс COMMAND. ц= и - INVISIBLE. тHIS PERFORMS A хт COMMAN.D ц= ж - VISIBLE. тHIS PERFORMS A ст COMMAND. стоп - тHIS BREAKS YOU OUT OF A RUNNING ROUTINE. лого 128 жерсион 4.0 -иь- йAMES с. дERRY усинг тхе лого едитор --------------------- тHE EDITOR IS USED TO CREATE PROGRAMS USING THE лого COMMANDS. тO ENTER THE лого EDITOR, SIMPLY TYPE едит FOLLOWED BY THE ROUTINE NUMBER FROM ZERO TO NINE. вHEN YOU ENTER THE EDITOR, YOU WILL SEE INFORMATION LINES FOR ROUTINE NUMBER AND CURRENT LINE NUMBER. тHE DISPLAY SHOULD LOOK SIMILAR TO THIS: тHE MESSAGE ROUTINE REFERS THE THE лого PROGRAM NUMBER THAT YOU ENTERED WITH THE EDIT COMMAND. тHE MESSAGE LINE REFERS TO THE REAL LINE THAT THE CURSOR IS CURRENTLY ON (ZERO TO 50; YOU HAVE A TOTAL OF 51 LINES TO WORK WITH, BUT LINE 50 IS MANDATORILY "енд"). иN ADDITION, THERE SHOULD BE A WHITE DIAGNOL SHAPED ARROW AS A CURSOR, AND 18 BACKARROW CHARACTERS DOWN BOTH SIDES OF THE SCREEN. тHE ARROWS SHOW THE 18 SCREEN LINES YOU HAVE TO WORK WITH. сINCE YOU ARE ABLE TO USE UP TO 51 LINES, THE WORK SCREEN SCROLLS IN EITHER DIRECTION THE SAME WAY A SCREEN ON A WORDPROCESSOR SCROLLS. ыOU CAN TYPE USING ALMOST ALL OF THE ALPHA-NUMERIC CHARACTERS, EXCEPT FOR THE KEYS MENTIONED BELOW. кEEP TEXT FLUSH AGAINST THE LEFT MARGAIN. тHE EDITOR, BEING WRITTEN IN басиц, MAY TEND TO BE SLOW WHEN YOU TYPE. пLEASE TRY TO BE PATIENT IF YOU CAN OUT-TYPE THE EDITOR. бE AWARE THAT WHENEVER YOU TYPE, YOU WILL BE IN INSERT MODE, THAT IS, WHATEVER YOU TYPE WILL NOT OVERLAY WHAT IS ALREADY ON THE SCREEN, BUT BE SQUEEZED BETWEEN IT AS THE LATTER TEXT IS MOVED TO THE RIGHT. нOTE THAT TEXT INSERTED PAST THE 39TH COLUMN DISAPPEARS. тHIS IS BECAUSE EACH LINE CAN ONLY BE 39 COLUMNS IN WIDTH (ONE LINE). уSE THE CURSOR OR ARROW KEYS TO MOVE AROUND THE SCREEN AND TO SCROLL THE SCREEN. тHE SCREEN SCROLLS FASTER IF YOU HAVE A BACKARROW CHARACTER AT THE END OF EACH SHORT LINE, ALTHOUGH THEY ARE NOT REQUIRED. тHESE CHARACTERS ARE ALREADY PRESENT WHEN YOU ENTER THE EDITOR AS PURPLE BACKARROWS DOWN THE LEFT OF THE SCREEN THAT WILL AUTOMATICALLY BE INSERTED AS YOU TYPE. тHE BLUE ARROWS ON THE RIGHT ARE PERMANANT. уSE THE делETE KEY TO DELETE TEXT. уSE есцAPE TO EXIT THE EDITOR AND SAVE YOUR CHANGES. уSE стоп TO FORCEFULLY EDIT THE EDITOR. бE CAREFUL, AS MANY CHANGES WILL BE LOST BY PRESSING THIS KEY. ыOU WILL KNOW IF IT WAS PRESSED IF THE REGULAR DIRECT MODE SQUARE CURSOR BLINKS. тHE SCREEN WILL NOT CLEAR. ыOU DO NOT HAVE TO PRESS ретурн ON EACH LINE, BUT IF YOU DO, THE CURSOR WILL BE MOVED TO THE LEFT MARGAIN AND NEXT LINE. бE SURE TO ALWAYS INCLUDE енд AS THE LAST COMMAND. иF NOT END IS ENCOUNTERED, THE PROGRAM WILL PAUSE FOR SEVERAL SECONDS LOOKING FOR ONE. ыOU CAN CALL OTHER ROUTINES FROM ONE ROUTINE, BUT DO NOT CREATE ENDLESS LOOPS. бLANK LINES WILL NOT AFFECT OUTPUT, SO IF YOU BELIEVE THAT YOU MAY HAVE TO ADD MORE COMMANDS TO A ROUTINE, DON'T HESITATE TO LEAVE BLANK LINES. иF YOU WISH TO LEAVE REMARKS TO YOURSELF, TYPE A SPACE FOLLOWED BY YOUR MESSAGE. иF YOU WANT TO EDIT A DIFFERENT ROUTINE, PRESS есцAPE AND USE ANOTHER едит COMMAND. иF YOU WISH TO ERASE A ROUTINE YOU ARE EDITING, PRESS есцAPE AND USE THE APPROPRIATE COMMAND. иF YOU WISH TO DUPLICATE A ROUTINE, SAVE IT WITH THE саже COMMAND AND LOAD IT INTO A DIFFERENT ROUTINE NUMBER. иN ALL, THE EDITOR IS PERHAPS THE MOST IMPORTANT TOOL FOR USE WITH лого. иT'S IMPORTANT TO GET TO KNOW HOW TO USE IT. лого 128 жерсион 4.0 -ь- йAMES с. дERRY усинг отхер теьт едиторс ------------------------ и ADMIT, THE лого TEXT EDITOR IS жеры WEAK, THERE ARE NO COMMANDS FOR INSERTING LINES, DELETING LINES, AND OTHER FANCY TRICKS. еVENTUALLY и MAY INCORPORATE THESE INTO THE PROGRAM. мEANWHILE, YOU MAY BE WONDERING ABOUT USING OTHER TEXT EDITORS. ыES, THEY вилл ворк! фOLLOWING ARE SOME GENERAL GUIDELINES. ыOU'LL HAVE TO DESIGN AND WRITE YOUR PROGRAM OUTSIDE OF лого, SO HOPEFULL YOU HAVE A GOOD UNDERSTANDING OF THE COMMANDS, AND HOPEFULLY YOU'LL KNOW WHAT YOU WANT TO DO. ыOU NEED TO CHOOSE A GOOD WORD PROCESSOR. и USE пAPER цLIP иии. иT DOESN'T MATTER IF YOUR WORD PROCESSOR IS FOR THE 64, 128, OR EVEN цп/м, BUT IT доес HAVE TO BE ABLE TO DO SOMETHING... фIRST, IT SHOULD ALLOW YOU SAVE FILES AS петасции (OR цасции) TEXT FILE, USING сеяUENTIAL FORMAT. аLL OF YOUR LINES SHOULD LIMIT THEMSELVES TO NO MORE THAN 39 CHARACTERS. еACH MUST END WITH A цARRIAGE рETURN. иF POSSIBLE, TRY TO PLACE A BACKARROW AT THE END OF EACH LINE BEFORE THE цARRIAGE рETURN. иT'S OKAY IF YOU CAN'T, BUT IT WILL SLOW DOWN лого A LITTLE BIT. гOOD LUCK AND ENJOY!